Abstract
The ‘white replacement’ (sometimes called ‘white genocide’) conspiracy theory has become a key element of contemporary far-right racist ideology. The white supremacist terrorist who committed mass murder at two Christchurch mosques in March 2019 brought his Islamophobia with him from Australia to New Zealand. His online ‘manifesto’, posted just prior to the massacre, was entitled The Great Replacement, and began with the sentence, ‘It’s the birth rates’ repeated three times. Both Australia and New Zealand are former British white-settler colonies where whiteness remains hegemonic. Both have small Muslim minorities, but have a history of everyday Islamophobia since 9/11, including violence directed against Muslims and their places of worship. Much of this violence has been directed against Muslim women, often more ‘visible’ because of the hijab, itself targeted in Islamophobic ideology as a supposed manifestation of Muslim misogyny and backwardness. Islamophobic vilification has also been explicitly directed at Muslim women, whose dangerous fecundity is portrayed (with wild misrepresentation of demographic reality) as threatening to overwhelm the predominant white, Western national culture. The racist far right calls ritually for drastic counter-measures, with ‘ethnic cleansing’ ranging from violent racist metaphors to actual terrorist murders. In the current global circulation of Islamophobic propaganda, the local articulation of the ‘replacement’ myth in Australia integrates elements of anti-Muslim racism from Eastern Europe and white-supremacist ideology from North America (from Charlottesville 2017 to the Capitol siege in 2021), always in complex intersection with gender relations.
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Notes
- 1.
Two women were killed at the Masjid An Nur, while another two were killed at the Linwood Islamic Centre. The other 47 shaheeds were men and boys.
- 2.
The term “Afghan” was used to refer to cameleers from British India and as far afield as Egypt and Turkey, as well as Afghanistan.
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Shakira Hussein visited Christchurch in 2022, thanks to a Neilma Sidney Literary Travel Grant. She thanks the Neilma Sidney Foundation for this opportunity, as well as the many remarkable people whom she met in Christchurch. The authors also thank Dr Eugenia Flynn for her comments on the draft of this chapter.
In discussing the 2019 attacks on the mosques in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand, this chapter follows the terminology requested in the reporting guide provided by the Canterbury Muslim Association.
This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Husna Ahmed, Ansi Alibava, Linda Armstrong, Karam Bibi, and the 47 other shaheeds who were murdered in Otaitahu Christchurch on 15 March 2019.
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Hussein, S., Allen, L., Poynting, S. (2024). Dangerous Muslim Wombs and the Fear of Replacement: Experiences from Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand. In: Easat-Daas, A., Zempi, I. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52022-8_26
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